This page has 0 threads | Add post

The WHERE Clause in SQL to filter records using criteria

Written by Andy Brown

In this tutorial

Our Example for this Blog
The Basic WHERE Clause
Criteria for Numbers
Stripping out Nulls
Criteria for Dates
Creating the Table for this Blog

By default, a SQL SELECT statement will return all of the records in a table, but you can use WHERE clauses to filter the rows to show only the ones of interest.

Our Example for this Blog

Many years ago I kept careful track of my purchases of fruit for a period of 2 years, logging them in a SQL Server table:

The 10 purchases of fruit I made in the 3-year period (note that twice I forgot to log the purchase date).

At the bottom of this page you can see (and copy/run) the script used to create my simple table of fruit purchases.

The Basic WHERE Clause

Here is a simple criterion:

-- show purchases of more than 5 items

SELECT

Fruit,

Qty

FROM

tblFruit

WHERE

Qty > 10

ORDER BY

Fruit

This would return the following 4 fruit:

The 4 purchases where I bought more than 10 items at a time.

Note that the WHERE clause must come before the ORDER BY clause, if there is one.

Criteria for Numbers

If you're comparing numerical values (as in the example above), you can use any of the following relational operators:

Operator	What it means	Example	What it would return
>	Greater than	Qty > 20	Grapes
>=	Greater than or equal to	Qty >= 40	Grapes
<	Less than	Qty < 2	Lemons
<=	Less than or equal to	Qty <= 2	Bananas, lemons
=	Equals to	Qty = 3	Apples, limes
!= or <>	Not equal to	Qty <> 0	All the rows

You can use either != or <> for not equal to (C and Java programmers will probably prefer the former; VB programmers the latter).

Stripping out Nulls

You can use Is Null or Is Not Null to include or exclude rows which have null column values. For example, this query:

SELECT

Fruit,

DateBought

FROM

tblFruit

WHERE

DateBought is null

would show only the two fruit for which a purchase date hasn't been entered:

The two fruit for which the purchase date is null.

Criteria for Dates

You can use the relational operators above with dates too (if you want to know more about date formats, see our separate tutorial on SQL dates). The following query shows purchases made on or before 31st December 2010:

-- show 2010 purchases only

SELECT

Fruit,

DateBought

FROM

tblFruit

WHERE

DateBought <=>'2010-12-31'

ORDER BY

DateBought

Here are the rows this query would return:

The 3 purchases made on or before the last day of December 2010. Note that purchases with null dates are automatically excluded from the results.

Creating the Table for this Blog

I promised at the start of this page that I'd include the SQL needed to create my table of 10 fruit. Here it is!

-- if there's a table already created, delete it

BEGIN TRY

DROP TABLE tblFruit

END TRY

BEGIN CATCH

END CATCH

-- create a table of fruit purchases!

CREATE TABLE tblFruit (

FruitId int IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,

Fruit varchar(20),

Qty int,

DateBought date

)

-- insert a few rows

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty,DateBought) VALUES ('Apples',3,'2010-04-21')

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty,DateBought) VALUES ('Pears',5,'2011-11-13')

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty,DateBought) VALUES ('Bananas',2,'2012-12-12')

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty) VALUES ('Cherries',10)

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty,DateBought) VALUES ('Raspberries',20,'2012-01-04')

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty,DateBought) VALUES ('Blueberries',15,'2010-05-05')

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty,DateBought) VALUES ('Grapes',40,'2012-04-07')

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty,DateBought) VALUES ('Lemons',1,'2012-05-14')

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty) VALUES ('Limes',3)

INSERT INTO tblFruit(Fruit,Qty,DateBought) VALUES ('Strawberries',20,'2010-10-14')

-- show what's been created

SELECT * FROM tblFruit

When you run this, you should see the following:

The table created by the SQL above.

Now that we've looked at criteria for numbers and dates, let's look at using criteria on text fields - and in particular, using wildcards.

Previous
tutorial

WHERE criteria (version A)

Previous
part

Top of page

Next
part

WHERE Criteria with Text Fields: % and _ Wildcards

Next
tutorial

Calculations and Expressions

You can learn more about this topic on the following Wise Owl courses:

This page has 0 threads

Add a new post

Online tutorials

Tutorials on SQL

WHERE criteria (version B)

The WHERE Clause in SQL to filter records using criteria

Our Example for this Blog

The Basic WHERE Clause

Criteria for Numbers

Stripping out Nulls

Criteria for Dates

Creating the Table for this Blog

Head office

London

Manchester